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I agree with the person with the bullet theory.I noticed it when my 6th grade science teacher showed the class the pic.Kind of shocked he did't notice it.(My school is Hawbridge Charter School in Saxapahaw Alamance County)Donations Welcomed

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So…is there an accurate online (or otherwise available) test to tell if you are a tetrachromat?

I'm an amateur photographer and this test would be helpful in ruling out some oddities I'm seeing in my work.

Just to continue the MSDS discussion ... Many artist suppliers (including Winsor & Newton) still do not include the Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) content in grams per liter (g/L) on their MSDS's. In the architecture and construction industry, this resistance by art suppliers to provide such information will eventually result in the exclusion of these materials on projects that are going for LEED certification (usgbc.org). This fact is most pronounced in the historic preservation industry where efforts to restore decorative elements - which represent our cultural heritage - will fall by the wayside. In addition, artists who decide to live and work in LEED-certified buildings (AKA "green buildings") that depend on the limited use of high-VOC products to maintain their certification, will eventually have to stop using these materials as well. So, any moral conundrum that an artist may have for buying gamboge will be completely eclipsed by the moral conundrum of whether or not to sneak it into his/her artwork at the expense of being "green".

I thought Homer was thought to be blind! Was surprised they didn't mention this!

I too am suspicious that the bullets were shot into the small tubes of sap.

1) wouldn't the tube explode from the impact, especially if the material was viscous? I can't imagine shooting a bamboo tube full of a honey-like or resin-like material and NOT having it completely shatter, much less have the bullet stop in the middle of the tube rather than passing through. It's like the bullet had just enough kinetic energy to pierce one side of the tube but not the other.

2) some of the bullet's found look to be still in their original shape. If they had passed through one wall of the tube or (eek) through a human being, then the most certainly would have mushroomed abit or at least deformed slightly.

This sounds like a job for mythbusters.

I think the bullet's were added for weight. Something that is sold by the Kg is going to be altered to add weight.

Also I agree with the sentiments express that the hosts were wrong to try to add a moral taint to the pigment just because it is found in an area that has conflict. The conflict was not over the pigment after all.

If one were to follow this logic there could be so many more culpable commodities in our world that have bloodshed associated with them. Putting aside the obvious precious metals and gems, don't forget tea, nutmeg & anise and other spices, salt, purple dye, even fresh water in some parts of the world.

_

It didn't surprise me that the man could see the difference is the browns. I've always seen colors differently. I'm a woman so I guess I could be a tetrachromat, but I doubt it. I'm an art teacher. When an artist looks at the sky they always see the green, pinks, yellows, reds, oranges, grays, blues, and violets in the bright blue sky or a clean white table cloth. Anyone trained to work with colors would probably be able to pass the brown fabric test. I'd love to take a tetrachromat test but the internet tests don't seem accurate.

I don't buy Jay Neitz' theory as to why most tetrachromatic women can't see this 4th primary color. We absolutely _do_ see "pure yellow" vs. "red-green yellow" all over the place. Yellow in a spectrum is pure yellow. TVs and those LCD screen than flicker by on banks are red-green yellow (made up of little red and green lights).

The issue is whether this fourth cone actually picks up yellow and not some other frequency. If your fourth cone is at yellow, you're likely to see the red-green yellow vs. pure yellow. If not, if it's too close to one of the "normal" cones, you won't be able to see much of a difference.

I am a fashion designer and it is vital to my job to be able to see the subtle differences in shades of color. We compare color all the time to ensure that it is correct. Tetrachromacy sounds like a norm for my industry.

Just read a recent article saying they found a functional tetrachromat! Heres the article (not the original source): http://discovermagazine.com/2012/jul-aug/06-humans-with-super-human-vision/article_view?b_start:int=1&-C=

What better way to make some good money than to take something measured by the pound and add some weight to it. Especially if the item in question: gamboge nubbies, is not always the same shape or size. How better to lift the profit margin than to add a few bullets to the mix. They are readily available, the harvested Gamboge is sticky. It makes better sense than the prospect that the bullets somehow were flying so thick as to be lodged into the drips in a forest. That seems too far fetched even for my brain injured brain.

I agree with Marisano from Davis and Itamar from Israel, also by bringing the point that Christie from Oregon made. Just because an anomalous gene occurs on an X chromosome doesn't mean that it is ONLY seen in women or men. For example, if the color-blind (chromatophore-deficient) X-chromosome were the one being expressed of two, or if the normal one were damaged in some way, then you'd have a color blind woman.

Additionally, if a man's mother had the tetrachromatic X-chromosome, he'd have 50/50 chance to inherit that tetrachromatic gene as much as the normal gene. I think presuming that only women have that is erroneous and limiting to the research about this topic (which I think is awesome)!
I would be much more interested in knowing if the artist-friend brought along to test the brown swatches had his blood tested and showed that he not only could see the differences AND ALSO didn't have the tetrachrome gene. My current theory is that the artist and the interior designer both have the tetrachromatic gene.

Especially considering the segment about Homer's use of color.
When I studied Japanese in Japan while also teaching English, I was often surprised by the mis-match between "blue" and the supposed analog "aoi." Cultures determine the ranges of hues and tints that get categorized under a color-word. The English "blue" includes sky blue and periwinkle and aqua and royal blue and maybe even indigo. However Japanese "aoi" includes sky blue and royal blue but also leaves in their verdant new spring growth. I don't think any established native English-speaker would look at the new leaves on a tree and call them "blue."

I think that our brains are totally capable of categorizing and enhancing differences in tints and shades according to what we're informed are those colors during development. (Just like our ears tune in to different vowels and consonants as being important phonemes and are then at a disadvantage to distinguish between another culture's phonemes once adults.)

Christy-- It has to do with having two X chromosomes in females. Because a male only needs one copy on his one X chromosome, if they have it, it is expressed. But for females, you may have the gene on one X chromosome, but not on the other, making you only a carrier. The likelihood then would lower because the chance of having two X chromosomes with the colorblind gene is smaller.

Great show! But Marisano from Davis is totally right in her criticism of Jay Neitz's hypothesis on why tetrachromats might not be using all 4 receptors -- his hypothesis made me really doubt his credibility as a scientist. Our 3 receptors don't actually respond to just 1 exact color each, rather they each have a response curve so there's a wavelength they respond to the most but they actually respond to light from a broad range of wavelengths. This 4th receptor must also have some spectrum that it is responsive to, and by definition it's response curve is different than the other 3 receptors, so if it's in the retina and working then it's constantly responding to most light that a tetrachromat sees.

As a female graphic designer I deal with colors all day, every day. I have often thought I was more aware of colors than most, due to practice, but to actually be able to say I can literally see 100 million more colors, that's something I'm going to have to ad to my resume!

I found Jay Neitz's hypothesis for why many women with a gene allowing tetrachromacy respond behaviorally as trichromats completely uncompelling. First of all, just because TV and printed materials do not explicitly cater to tetrachromats does not mean that the artificial world is devoid of such signals. Trichromats and dichromats are likely making color choice 'errors' all the time, such that supposedly matching shoes and/or socks are actually not always so, and "smooth" gradations of color may have jarring inconsistencies therein. Finally, a great many of the colors that a tetrachromat could see - and and an infinite number more - should be present in the natural world (which could render movies and TV disappointingly dull). Therefore there should be no reason for such sensitivity to atrophy, especially since it hasn't seemed to have done so in lab populations of butterflies and mantis shrimp, for example. More likely there's some kind of co/dominance effect occurring between some of the allelic variations or the enhanced photoreceptors aren't being expressed in the (right part of the) retina.

Too bad the color-loving male control wasn't tested for the tetrachromacy gene. Maybe he has a chromosomal abnormality.

Re Gamboge: I found it a bit too much to question Mr Garrett whether he felt morally responsible for what happened decades ago in a patch of land where gamboge was harvested. Do you ever think that way about rubber, gold, bananas, or any substance coming from impoverished countries, and possibly areas where some violence -one being exploitation- has certainly occurred in recent times? I love the scientific aspect of your program but I think moralizing could be left out.

I really enjoyed this episode, but I found the segment about gamboge to be a bit strange. Essentially equating gamboge to blood diamonds or conflict minerals simply because of its proximity to violence strikes me as shallow and somewhat irresponsible. The bullets were presumably not fired into the grove because of the dye, but rather the trees simply happen to grow in an area that has had issues with violence for decades. Violence that would exist with or without the dye.
To imply that the dye itself now carries some sort of taint due to the people who used the area for target practice or even violent acts is to diminish the value of all art or creative endeavors created in violent places and times. Some of the greatest art in human history has been in response to some of the worst acts, but we would never call the morality of that art into question simply because it reminds us of those acts. In fact, often those reminders add value to the intrinsic beauty of the art itself.
It seems more valid to point out the dichotomy of human nature that allows such creative and destructive natures to exist side-by-side, rather than to try to force some sort of perceived moral flaw into the gamboge itself. As mentioned in previous comments, gamboge has its own, actual problems, which do in fact warrant discussion.

My aunt is color blind, as was my grandfather. I found it interesting that the show kept referring to color blindness in human males, as if females are not affected by color blindness. I know that it's rare for females, but it is possible. Why is it more rare though? Does it have to do with that extra chromosome?

Gamboge is toxic and sale requires proof of profession. When looking for information about substances that might be dangerous, the key is the initialism MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Material_safety_data_sheet). MSDSes list what the dangers of a substance are and how to go about cleaning up or administering aid to exposed people. Luckily, in the USA, OSHA requires companies to have quickly searchable copies of the MSDSes available for all substances in a work place. Because of this it is often easy to find the MSDS for a given substance. You can find an MSDS for Gamboge here: http://www.kremerpigments.com/shopus/PublishedFiles/37050MSDS.pdf Basically Do not swallow it or inhale its dust and do not dispose of it in the sink (it is water soluble). Just for fun, here is an MSDS for water: http://www.chem.tamu.edu/class/majors/msdsfiles/msdswater.htm

Unfortunately, the bit about how dangerous the gamboge sap is got a bit garbled in my listening--particularly since the story goes straight into the bullets found in the sample. I can't make out why Finlay said it was dangerous. But there is a toxicity issue that seems to be involved (since there were bathroom breaks built into the pigment workers' day, as stated right after). Any chance of getting a transcript of that section, or some clarification? It seems like there are a number of trees used, and all sorts of uses (including foodstuffs and flavoring agents!) and potential toxicities involved in those trees, so finding out exactly what Finlay was distressed about (unless it was the bullets?) would be great.

My family and I are huge fans of this show. Our 8 year old son, in particular, looks forward to road trips conducted to the accompaniment of radiolab shows.

Now, because I expect my son to wind up at this page every now and then, I wanted to point out that, in the blurb for this episode, the word "pallet" is incorrectly used. I believe what was wanted was the word "palette".

Cheers - keep on trucking.

Fascinating series. One thing that struck me though - when the chap said "people who paint don't tend to start wars" - Hitler did. Though he probably gave up the painting so that he could devote more time to the warmongering.

So after listening to this segment, I was trying to google around to see what this color of yellow actually looked like. The problem? I didn't know how to spell the word "Gamboge", and it's a weird enough/French enough word that instead I found myself at the word "Gamahuche". It turns out this instead is a very different word with a very different meaning...

Yeah, seriously, why ask a morally loaded question in sotto voce that doesn't make any sense? "There's violence in this color." "It could have been attached to this bloodshed." What moral content do these questions even have? This is just empty dramatizing.

I'm a little unclear on what the point was in taking this guy to task for buying/selling the sap from Cambodia. It's not like violence was somehow a direct part of the trade or production of it (as far as I could tell from the story). Yes it shared a close proximity with these horrible events, and caught a few bullets. But it's not analogous to, say, blood diamonds.

Arnold Lobel wrote a picture book called THE GREAT BLUENESS! Check it out. Always wondered what it must have been like for those first folk who began evolving color vision... if they were sent to the local Homo habilis mental institute. Your treatment of Susan Hogan was far more humane or should I say Homo sapien sapien like.